PAM Integration

Motivation

For Yocto 1.1 we are working to ensure that PAM (Pluggable Authentication Module) support is consistent and enabled in recipes where it is applicable.

Recipes with PAM support

The following recipes were identified to have PAM support (some already implemented) on 2011-06-27:

• at

• consolekit

• cronie

• cups

• dropbear
  • For supporting pam in dropbear, we need two steps:
  • Add configuration "--enable-pam"
  • Add patches to open macro definition for supporting in option.h
  • Test result
    • Server

(server ip:192.168.7.2)
$touch /etc/pam.d/sshd
account  required     pam_access.so
$vi /etc/security/access.conf
- : root : ALL

• • • Client

$ssh root@192.168.7.2
root@192.168.7.2's password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.7.2's password: 
Permission denied, please try again.
root@192.168.7.2's password: 
Permission denied (publickey,password).

• gnome-keyring

• openssh
  • Absent configuration /etc/pam.d/sshd, we need to add patches. After adding this file, it can support pam function through simple test.
  • Test Result
    • Server

$touch /etc/nologin

• • • Client

$ssh username@server-ip
(can't log in)

• polkit

• screen

screen use pam to authenticate users during unlock terminal. Its configure file screen comes from Fedora and replace system-auth with common-auth

 #%PAM-1.0
 auth       include      common-auth

First start screen:

 root@qemux86:/etc/pam.d# screen

it will show some information about screen, just press Space or Enter and it will give a screen terminal:

 root@qemux86:/etc/pam.d# 

then press "Ctrl+a x" will lock the screen terminal and show:

 Screen used by root <root>.
 Password:

In another root terminal, clear the root's password:

 password -d root

modify one line in common-auth

 auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so nullok_secure

with

 auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so debug

option nullok_secure will allow users who has blank password login, after remove it these users are not allowed to login.

Back to the screen terminal, press <Enter>(because root's password is blank now) will fail:

 Screen used by root <root>.
 Password:
 Screen used by root <root>.
 Password:

then modify the line in common-auth with

 auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so nullok_secure debug

On the screen terminal press <Enter> again it unlock the terminal.

the log in /var/log/auth.log:

 Jul 11 14:14:14 qemux86 screen: pam_unix(screen:auth): authentication failure; logname=root uid=0 euid=0 tty= ruser= rhost=  user=root

• shadow

• sudo
  • /etc/pam.d/sudo comes from Fedora, and replace system-auth with common-auth

 #%PAM-1.0
 auth       include      common-auth
 account    include      common-auth
 password   include      common-auth
 session    required     pam_keyinit.so revoke
 session    required     pam_limits.so

and content of common-auth:

 auth	[success=1 default=ignore]	pam_unix.so nullok_secure
 auth	requisite			pam_deny.so
 auth	required			pam_permit.so

• • test pam plugins
    • pam_unix.so

modify common-auth:

 auth    [success=1 default=ignore]      pam_unix.so debug

then unpriviledge user can NOT run sudo with blank password

 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 Password:
 Sorry, try again.
 Password:
 Sorry, try again.
 Password:
 Sorry, try again.
 sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts
 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 qemux86:~$

log in /var/log/auth.log:

 Jul  8 16:39:04 qemux86 sudo: pam_unix(sudo:auth): authentication failure; logname=test-pam uid=0 euid=0 tty=/dev/pts/1 ruser=test-pam rhost=  user=test-pam
 Jul  8 16:39:14 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : 3 incorrect password attempts ; TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test
 Jul  8 16:39:31 qemux86 sudo: pam_warn(sudo:account): function=[pam_sm_acct_mgmt] service=[sudo] terminal=[/dev/pts/1] user=[test-pam] ruser=[test-pam] rhost=[<unknown>]
 Jul  8 16:39:31 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test

• • • pam_deny.so

mv line

 auth    requisite                       pam_deny.so

to the head of file, unprivilege user can NOT sudo any more:

 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 Sorry, try again.
 Sorry, try again.
 Sorry, try again.
 sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts
 qemux86:~$

log in /var/log/auth.log:

 Jul  7 14:03:29 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : 3 incorrect password attempts ; TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test

• • • pam_permit.so

comment this line

 auth    required                        pam_permit.so

sudo will fail without ask user to enter password:

 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 Sorry, try again.
 Sorry, try again.
 Sorry, try again.
 sudo: 3 incorrect password attempts
 qemux86:~$

log in /var/log/auth.log:

 Jul  7 12:43:22 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : 3 incorrect password attempts ; TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm -f /test

• • • pam_limits.so

add line to /etc/security/limits.conf

 *        -       nofile       3

then sudo will fail:

 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 Inconsistency detected by ld.so: dl-deps.c: 622: _dl_map_object_deps: Assertion `nlist > 1' failed!

modify the line:

 *        -       nofile       4
 qemux86:~$ sudo rm /test
 qemux86:~$

log in /var/log/auth.log:

 Jul  8 14:24:41 qemux86 sudo: pam_warn(sudo:account): function=[pam_sm_acct_mgmt] service=[sudo] terminal=[/dev/pts/1] user=[test-pam] ruser=[test-pam] rhost=[<unknown>]
 Jul  8 14:24:41 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test
 Jul  8 14:24:41 qemux86 sudo: pam_limits(sudo:session): reading settings from '/etc/security/limits.conf'
 Jul  8 14:24:41 qemux86 sudo: pam_limits(sudo:session): process_limit: processing - nofile 3 for DEFAULT
 Jul  8 14:24:50 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test
 Jul  8 14:24:50 qemux86 sudo: pam_limits(sudo:session): reading settings from '/etc/security/limits.conf'
 Jul  8 14:24:50 qemux86 sudo: pam_limits(sudo:session): process_limit: processing - nofile 4 for DEFAULT

• • • pam_keyinit

add option debug

 session    optional     pam_keyinit.so revoke debug

log shows pam_keyinit was called:

 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: pam_warn(sudo:account): function=[pam_sm_acct_mgmt] service=[sudo] terminal=[/dev/pts/1] user=[test-pam] ruser=[test-pam] rhost=[<unknown>]
 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: test-pam : TTY=pts/1 ; PWD=/home/test-pam ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/bin/rm /test
 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: pam_keyinit(sudo:session): OPEN 1
 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: pam_keyinit(sudo:session): UID:0 [0]  GID:0 [1000]
 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: pam_keyinit(sudo:session): GET SESSION = 143761918
 Jul  7 14:13:39 qemux86 sudo: pam_keyinit(sudo:session): GET SESSION = 669161571

according the source code pam_keyinit.c line 102 in function init_keyrings, the module return PAM_SUCCESS

• util-linux

• xserver-xf86-lite

Notes:

• mc: mc has remove package mcserv and dropped dependency on PAM already, but didn't remove checking security/pam_misc.h. Drop it. Official change log
• libcap: if pam exists, libcap will create a pam plugin pam_cap.so to add a new front end for the authentication function. Because it is not a application, remove it from list.
• libuser: pam is libuser's build dependency, so remove it too.
• The busybox login has a option to use pam, but we use tinylogin's login right now (tinylogin also provides the su command)
• gettext only has a example "hello-c++-kde" use pam under source code directory, and it doen't be compiled and only copied to destination. So omit gettext.
• sysvinit has a patch contrib/notify-pam-dead.patch for /sbin/init to use pam, but the whole contrib directory didn't take part in compilation. Drop it.

Identify upstream PAM patches to use

After checking the Fedora develop repository, the following packages may need patches(only libpam need to upgrade, other patches are pam related configure file but they are absent in poky):

• libpam: need update from current 1.1.3 to 1.1.4 Release Notes
• sudo: package sudo in Fedora provides /etc/pam.d/sudo and /etc/pam.d/sudo-i
  • /etc/pam.d/sudo (Yocto use common-auth instead of system-auth)

 #%PAM-1.0
 auth       include      system-auth
 account    include      system-auth
 password   include      system-auth
 session    optional     pam_keyinit.so revoke
 session    required     pam_limits.so

• screen: check Fedora screen.pam

• util-linux: check Fedora source file util-linux-remote.pamd

• at: check Fedora util-linux-remote.pamd

• cups: check Fedora cups-1.1.16-system-auth.patch

• openssh: check Fedora sshd.pam

PAM Unit Tests

We use unit test cases provided by libpam itself, a subdirectory with name "xtests" under libpam source code.

On build machine run

 bitbake libpam -c patch

to get the libpam source code Linux-PAM-1.1.4, and scp it to host(target) machine.

On the target machine under Linux-PAM-1.1.4, run

 ./configure
 make xtests

will get the test result of 28 unit test case. If you want to run sigle test case, go to subdirectory xtests and run (take tst-pam_time1 for example)

 ./run-xtests.sh . tst-pam_time1

Some unit test can NOT pass(15/28), they need some pam plugin libraies:

• tst-pam_access1
• tst-pam_access2
• tst-pam_access3
• tst-pam_access4
  • the tst-pam_access test cases need pam_access.so, install package pam-plugin-access will make them pass the test
• tst-pam_authsucceed
  • need pam_debug.so, install pam-plugin-debug to make it pass

• tst-pam_cracklib1
• tst-pam_cracklib2
  • need /lib/security/pam_cracklib.so, need build cracklib, and then libpam will check it and create pam-plugin-cracklib
  • need /usr/share/cracklib/pw_dict.pwd file, please run command on host machine:

   create-cracklib-dict /usr/share/cracklib/cracklib-small

• tst-pam_dispatch1
• tst-pam_dispatch2
• tst-pam_dispatch3
• tst-pam_dispatch4
  • need pam_debug.so, install pam-plugin-debug to make tst-pam_dispatch pass

• tst-pam_pwhistory1
  • need /lib/security/pam_pwhistory.so, install pam-plugin-pwhistory to make it pass

• tst-pam_substack2
  • need pam_debug.so, install pam-plugin-debug to make tst-pam_dispatch pass

• tst-pam_succeed_if1
  • install pam-plugin-succeed-if to make it pass

• tst-pam_time1
  • install pam-plugin-time to make it pass